diff --git a/low-voltage-system/circuit-protection.md b/low-voltage-system/circuit-protection.md index bbe61d11a6e56518090342baf16b67eb934ef25b..d50ff4c1c7a2c8676bd413fa6cf0a38825b804aa 100644 --- a/low-voltage-system/circuit-protection.md +++ b/low-voltage-system/circuit-protection.md @@ -1,4 +1,12 @@ -# 1. ESD and ESO: +# Index +1. [ESD and ESO](https://gitlab.com/projectofst/manual-09/blob/you-shall-not-merge/low-voltage-system/circuit-protection.md#1-esd-and-eso) +2. [Microcontroller Pin Protection](https://gitlab.com/projectofst/manual-09/blob/you-shall-not-merge/low-voltage-system/circuit-protection.md#2-microcontroller-pin-protection) +3. [General Overvoltage Protection](https://gitlab.com/projectofst/manual-09/blob/you-shall-not-merge/low-voltage-system/circuit-protection.md#3-general-overvoltage-protection) +4. [General Overcurrent Protection](https://gitlab.com/projectofst/manual-09/blob/you-shall-not-merge/low-voltage-system/circuit-protection.md#4-general-overcurrent-protection) +5. [Generalized Solution](https://gitlab.com/projectofst/manual-09/blob/you-shall-not-merge/low-voltage-system/circuit-protection.md#5-generalized-solution) + + +# 1. ESD and ESO **What is ESD?**<br> "The electric spark that is sometimes experienced when touching metal, or a car, is the phenomenon of Electrostatic @@ -23,16 +31,17 @@ After the EOS energy is dissipated, the device may be permanently damaged and may become non-functional or partially functional." -**If you wanna know more:** [TVS versus Zener.](Files/esd-and-eso.pdf) +**If you wanna know more:** [TVS versus Zener.](files/esd-and-eso.pdf) + -# 2. Microcontroller Pin Protection: +# 2. Microcontroller Pin Protection This section gives a simplified overview of how IC pins work and what is the basic protection recommended, however, for more complex situations the general methods of circuit protection apply. | **Fig.1** - Example of what the I/O pins **might** look like.| | |:---:|---| -||This representation is a **general** and **simplified** aproach of what the inside hardware of the MCUs pin might look like. Understanding the general concept of an I/O pin helps us understand the problems and the solutions related with I/O protection.<br>The MCU can drive an output (high or low) and an input is buffered through some high impedance device.<br>An MCU can only source or sink so much current through the input/output pins. The exact value is specified in the datasheet.| +||This representation is a **general** and **simplified** aproach of what the inside hardware of the MCUs pin might look like. Understanding the general concept of an I/O pin helps us understand the problems and the solutions related with I/O protection.<br>The MCU can drive an output (high or low) and an input is buffered through some high impedance device.<br>An MCU can only source or sink so much current through the input/output pins. The exact value is specified in the datasheet.| Imagine you have a pushbutton connected to ground and you configure your pin to be an input. If the output state were to be accidentally configured as an output @@ -52,21 +61,22 @@ Including a series resistor. |**Fig.2** - Example of a series resistor being used for input protection.|| |:---:|---| -||To protect the I/O pin a series resistor (Rs) can be inserted between the external input (the pushbutton) and the MCU pin. This limits the current which is sourced or sunk by the MCU.<br>You'll need to look at the maximum current capability of your pin to determine the right value for Rs.<br>Consider the maximum current for a 5V MCU pin is 10mA. Ohm's law says to limit 5V to 10mA you need a 500Ω resistor (pick nominal 470Ω).| +||To protect the I/O pin a series resistor (Rs) can be inserted between the external input (the pushbutton) and the MCU pin. This limits the current which is sourced or sunk by the MCU.<br>You'll need to look at the maximum current capability of your pin to determine the right value for Rs.<br>Consider the maximum current for a 5V MCU pin is 10mA. Ohm's law says to limit 5V to 10mA you need a 500Ω resistor (pick nominal 470Ω).| If you can be absolutely certain the code is correct and will not be inadvertently used in any way you did not intend, the series resistor could be overlooked. But if your doing any sort of experimental or modifiable design it's best to take steps to protect against it. -# 3. General Overvoltage Protection: + +# 3. General Overvoltage Protection Analogic overvoltage protection solutions consist of some type of component parallel to the circuit we want to protect. There are several options for the component used in parallel: | **Fig. 3** - Diode overvoltage protection example: diode clamp.| | |:---:|---| -||This a common protection method inside ICs against ESD.<br>If the signal voltage has a high voltage spike the diode D1 will conduct to the Vcc, bringing the signal down to 5V, protecting the IC input from the overvoltage.<br>In real world application, the VDD and VSS supply are very far away. When ESD happens, the spike will jump out from the VDD (or VSS) trace and interfere with other components. To minimize this unwanted characteristic, always add a bulk cap between VDD and VSS; nearest to D1 and D2.<br>Including a small resistor between the signal and the D1 D2 juction limits the current adding further protection.| +||This a common protection method inside ICs against ESD.<br>If the signal voltage has a high voltage spike the diode D1 will conduct to the Vcc, bringing the signal down to 5V, protecting the IC input from the overvoltage.<br>In real world application, the VDD and VSS supply are very far away. When ESD happens, the spike will jump out from the VDD (or VSS) trace and interfere with other components. To minimize this unwanted characteristic, always add a bulk cap between VDD and VSS; nearest to D1 and D2.<br>Including a small resistor between the signal and the D1 D2 juction limits the current adding further protection.| <br> @@ -100,15 +110,73 @@ specific. + Can only sustain the harsh voltage for a short time; + Not precise enough to act as a regulator; + Good content: - + [TVS versus Zener.](Files/zener-vs-tvs.pdf) + + [TVS versus Zener.](files/zener-vs-tvs.pdf) + + +# 4. General Overcurrent Protection +Analogic overcurrent protection solutions consist of some type of component +in series with the circuit we want to protect. The main analogic component used +for this purpose is the fuse, but there are other options, such as circuit +breakers. + +Types of fuses: ++ **Fast-acting fuses** open very quickly when their current +rating is exceeded. This action is needed when speed is +important for sensitive electronics and for many dc power +applications. They are generally used in resistive loads +with low inrush current levels. ++ **Time-delay fuses** have a time-delay mechanism. They +are designed to open only on an excessive current draw +for a defined period of time and are typically used to +protect inductive and capacitive loads that experience +heavy current draws upon initial powering. The time delay +action prevents the fuse from needlessly blowing during a +temporary heavy current draw or surge. Time-delay fuses +tolerate higher inrush currents than fast-acting fuses and +are often ideal for dc-dc converter input protection, as most converters have +an input capacitor that draws a large amount of current when initially charged. ++ **Resettable fuses**: + + A **polymeric positive temperature coefficient** (PPTC) is a +passive electronic component used to protect against overcurrent faults in +electronic circuits. The device is also known as a **multifuse or polyfuse or** +**polyswitch**. Since it is conductive it will pass a current. If too much current +is passed through the device the device will begin to heat. As the device heats, +the polymer will expand, changing from a crystalline into an amorphous state. +The expansion separates the carbon particles and breaks the conductive pathways, +causing the device to heat faster and expand more, further raising the +resistance. This increase in resistance substantially reduces the current in +the circuit. A small (leakage) current still flows through the device and is +sufficient to maintain the temperature at a level which will keep it in the +high resistance state. Leakage current can range from less than a hundred mA at +rated voltage up to a few hundred mA at lower voltages. + + **eFuses** are integrated power path protection devices that are used to +limit circuit currents and voltages to safe levels during fault conditions. +eFuses offer many benefits to the system and can include protection +features that are often difficult to implement with discrete components. + + [Basics of eFuses](files/basics-of-efuses.pdf) + + [eFuses vs PTCs](files/efuses-vs-PTCs.PDF) + +<br> + +| **Fig. 4** - Fuse.| | +|:---:|---| +||Trotection.| + + +# 5. Generalized Solution +Protection should be applied in 2 main spots: ++ PCB power supply; ++ Sensors power supply. + +It might be also necessary to protect the MCU pins. -# General Overcurrent Protection: -# Random ideas: +# Random ideas + Fuse before the DCDC: + Might save the DCDC but given that the effiency of he DCDC varies with the -voltage difference and current drawn it becomes difficult to choose an appropriate fuse. +voltage difference and current drawn it becomes difficult to choose an +appropriate fuse. + Calculation example to know the current drawn under normal circunstances: 1. Vout = 5V | Iout = 50mA 2. Pout = 5V x 0,05A = 0,25W @@ -116,5 +184,6 @@ voltage difference and current drawn it becomes difficult to choose an appropria 3. Pin = 0,25/0,9 = 0,27(8) W 4. Vin = 24V 5. Iin = 0,27(8)/24 = 11,6mA + + It would need to be heavily tested. + Do not trust the word of a Mechanical Engineer doing eletronical work. diff --git a/low-voltage-system/Files/.gitkeep b/low-voltage-system/files/.gitkeep similarity index 100% rename from low-voltage-system/Files/.gitkeep rename to low-voltage-system/files/.gitkeep diff --git a/low-voltage-system/Files/basic_input.png b/low-voltage-system/files/basic-input.png similarity index 100% rename from low-voltage-system/Files/basic_input.png rename to low-voltage-system/files/basic-input.png diff --git a/low-voltage-system/files/basics-of-efuses.pdf b/low-voltage-system/files/basics-of-efuses.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c05d682bb9f7f35852401deed451760474b4d275 Binary files /dev/null and b/low-voltage-system/files/basics-of-efuses.pdf differ diff --git a/low-voltage-system/Files/Diode_overvoltage_protection-1.jpg b/low-voltage-system/files/diode-overvoltage-protection.jpg similarity index 100% rename from low-voltage-system/Files/Diode_overvoltage_protection-1.jpg rename to low-voltage-system/files/diode-overvoltage-protection.jpg diff --git a/low-voltage-system/files/efuses-vs-PTCs.PDF b/low-voltage-system/files/efuses-vs-PTCs.PDF new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6142efe045a4e4a37b4778ffaa1bf07f91374560 Binary files /dev/null and b/low-voltage-system/files/efuses-vs-PTCs.PDF differ diff --git a/low-voltage-system/Files/esd-and-eso.pdf b/low-voltage-system/files/esd-and-eso.pdf similarity index 100% rename from low-voltage-system/Files/esd-and-eso.pdf rename to low-voltage-system/files/esd-and-eso.pdf diff --git a/low-voltage-system/Files/series_resistor.png b/low-voltage-system/files/series-resistor.png similarity index 100% rename from low-voltage-system/Files/series_resistor.png rename to low-voltage-system/files/series-resistor.png diff --git a/low-voltage-system/Files/zener-vs-tvs.pdf b/low-voltage-system/files/zener-vs-tvs.pdf similarity index 100% rename from low-voltage-system/Files/zener-vs-tvs.pdf rename to low-voltage-system/files/zener-vs-tvs.pdf